Tyres,Rubber Tyres

Tyres
The first pneumatic tyre was invented in 1845 by R. W. Thompson (B.p.10990) and consisted of a rubber tube with a leather covering. J.B. Dunlop rediscovered the hollow tyre in 1888. It consisted of a rubber tube covered with textile and rubber. The cord weave was introduced between 1916 and 1919 the overall performance of a tyre depends on its construction (tread pattern, choice of cord fibre, etc.) just as such as on the rubber used. It will be interesting to note the main trend of the past two decades: from tube to tubeless, from bias ply to tadial ply, from rayon to nylon, steel or polyester cords.
A pneumatic tyre is a complex arrangement consisting of steel bead wires and steel or texlile casing cord surrounded by a number of different rubber compounds. Even for a small car tyre, these comprise of tread, sidewall, casing, inner liner and head compound. The formulation for these rubber compounds are chosen according to the major demands required of them in service-abrasion resistance and grip for treads; flexibility for sidewall; heat resistance for casing; impermeability to air for inner liners etc.
The steel or textile cord in the casing supply much of the strength of the tyre and allow high internal pressures to be used. Cotton cord material has been replaced by rayon, polyester, glass, brass plated steel cord. Now Fibre B (Kevlar) is been introduced, a synthetic textile based on an aromatic amide with an exceptionally high modulus of elasticity.
Each rubber compound in a tyre contains rubber polymers (elastomers) cross-linked (vulcanized) with sulfur. The more commonly used elastomers are natural rubber and its synthetic equivalent cis-polyisoprene, styene butadiene copllymer and polybutadiene.
Only about 40~50% of the rubber compound is elastomer, the rest been made up of various carbon black (30%), mineral oils, and waxes, pine tars, reins, various organic antioxidants, accelerators, retarders and peptizers, together with sulfur, zine oxide and stearic acid. Choosing the types and relations of these so-called compounding ingredients to achieve the physical properties required is the duty of tyre compounders.



New Words and Expressions
1. pneumatic 充气的，风力的，汽力的
2. B.P. ; Br.P. 英国专利
British Patent
3. leather 皮革
4. rediscover 重新发现
5. textile 织物，织品原料
6. weave 织法，织物
7. overall 总的
8. performance 性能，成绩
9. tread 轮胎面，（楼梯）踏板，步法
10. pattern 花纹，图案，类型
tread pattern 胎面花纹
11. main 主要的
12. trend 趋势
13. decade 十年，十个一组
14. tubed 有内胎的
15. tubeless 无内胎的
16. bias 斜交
17. radial 子午线的
18. rayon 人造丝；粘胶丝
19. nylon 尼龙
20. polyester 聚酯
21. complex 复杂的
络合物，联合企业
22. arrange 安排，排列
arrangement 安排，排列
23. bead 胎圈，胎耳，子口
24. wire 电线，金属线
25. casing 胎体，胎身
26. comprise 包含，包括，由……组成
27. sidewall 胎侧
28. inner 内部的
29. liner 衬套，衬垫，班机，定期船
30. major 主要的
31. grip 抓着
抓着，握紧
32. flexibility 屈挠性
33. impermeability 不渗透性，气密性
34. brass 黄铜
35. plate 镀，（用金属板）包
盘子，板，（金银）餐具
brass plated 镀金铜
36. amide 酰铵
37. exceptionally 不寻常地，特别地，罕有地
38. elastomer 弹性体
39. cross-link 交联
40. equivalent 相等的，对应的
相等物，（理化）当量，（数学）等价
41. copolymer 共聚物
42. retarder 防聚物
43. peptize=peptizing agent 塑解剂
44. relation 关系
45. duty 职责，义务，税