Dig类网站集合总结

Dig类网站

DIG 网站收集，做国外网站或者国内网站的朋友，广告宣传不错。
dig 上面发表一篇自己网站的文章，然后dig，被dig的越多，带来的流量就越大。


http://www.diglog.com/

http://www.digg.com.cn/

http://news.5d.cn/

http://www.king51.net/

http://www.haoei.com/

http://www.17tech.com/

http://dig.donews.com/

http://dig.pchome.net/

http://dig.51cto.com/

http://www.waqu.cn/

http://www.digbuzz.com/

http://www.waakee.com/

http://www.cndigg.com/

http://www.tagriver.com/

http://www.banerzhuan.com/

http://www.wodingg.com/

http://www.itqun.com/

http://re.xianguo.com/

http://www.shouker.com/

http://www.diggcms.com/

http://www.feedou.com/

http://www.yandui.com/

http://www.minehot.com/

http://www.vottie.com/

http://ibobao.com/

http://www.digiex.cn/

http://www.mileye.com/

http://www.fs9x.com/

http://www.daomiao.com/

http://www.beigua.net/

http://www.houtinghua.com/

http://www.88doc.com/

http://www.dooba.cn/

http://www.minethink.com/wo/

http://www.6a8a.com/

http://www.niujue.com/

http://www.diggcms.com/

http://www.17jie.cn/

http://www.oioini.cn/

http://www.king51.net/

http://www.bapo.cn/

http://www.strangestone.com/

http://www.56wiki.cn/

http://www.laikee.com/

http://www.diggtv.cn/

http://www.23bg.com/

http://www.webxoo.com/

http://www.coolxoo.com/

http://www.x-lab.cn/

http://www.mimiz.com.cn/

http://www.soskill.com/

http://www.56logo.cn/

http://www.mainkee.cn/

http://www.sharetee.com/

http://www.btqiang.cn/

http://www.51-ok.cn/

http://www.w-h.net.cn/

http://www.xiaolab.com/dig/

http://www.tiaoci.com/

http://www.freekoo.com.cn/

http://www.55zai.cn/

http://www.digvc.com/

http://www.chekuu.com/

http://www.daooco.com/

http://www.cybang.cn/

http://www.vpnall.com/

http://www.abxing.com/

http://www.52shops.cn/

http://www.sitedetail.com/

http://www.kl360.cn/

http://www.qimoo.net/

http://www.ihuiyi.com/

http://www.9yi6.com/

http://www.80party.cn/

http://www.ruyi86.cn/

http://www.idafen.cn/

http://www.baifou.com/

http://www.7ihu.cn/digg/

http://www.laiyoo.com/

http://www.digtop.com.cn/

http://www.deeit.com.cn/

http://www.dig365.com/

http://www.youpush.net/

http://www.howdig.com/



国外：


http://digg.com/

http://www.dzone.com/

http://www.pobobo.com/

http://quotiki.com/

国外贸易信息发布网站

英文站宣传必备1、Algomtl

http://www.algomtl.com/algopages.html

语种：英文

2、allactiontrade

http://www.allactiontrade.com/

语种：英文

3、b2s

http://www.b2s.com/

语种：英文

对发布的信息有限制，只能发布8条

4、Bizviet

http://www.bizviet.net/

语种：英文

对每天发布的信息有限制

5、CHINA COMMODITY NET

http://ccne.mofcom.gov.cn/

语种：中文/英文

不过中文没找到在哪注册、登陆

6、ECROBOT

http://www.ecrobot.com/

语种：英文

7、EXIMTURK

http://www.eximturk.com/

语种：英文

8、exTrade

http://www.extrade.net/

语种：英文

9、GLOBAL TRADE VILLAGE

http://www.globaltradevillage.com/

语种：英文

10、Offer21

http://www.offer21.com/

语种：英文

11、REMEXPORT

http://www.remexport.com/

语种：英文

12、RUSBIZ

http://www.rusbiz.com/

语种：英文

13、TradeBusiness

http://www.tradebusiness.com/biz/

语种：英文

14、VIETNAMTRADE

http://www.vietnamtrade.org/

语种：英文

15、20un

http://www.20un.com/

语种：英文

浏览量比较高，偶尔会收到一些询盘。

16、21cpp

http://www.21cpp.com/

被译成了五种语言，我只进过中文的和英文的，但是中文的没进去，只进去英文的了，其它的就不知道了。

17、AsianProducts

http://www.asianproducts.com/

语种：英文

18、ECVV

http://www.ecvv.com/

语种：中文/英文

不过中文的没看到有登陆和注册的地方，浏览量比较高，偶尔会收到一些询盘。

19、go4worldbusiness

http://go4worldbusiness.com/

语种：英文

可以收到很多询盘，但是免费用户无法查看联系方式。

20、Import-Export-Guide

http://www.import-export-guide.com/trade/

语种：英文



21、Itrademarket

http://itrademarket.com/

语种：英文

22、me360

http://en.me360.net/

被译成了三种语言，但是中文的，发布信息时也只能发布英文的。

23、Sw365

http://www.sw365.com/

语种：中文/英文

最近中文的服务器好像有些问题，进不去。

24、T Leads

http://www.tleads.com/

语种：英文

25、tradeget

http://www.tradeget.com/

语种：英文

发布的信息有数量的限制。

26、TradeLeads

http://www.tradeleads.com/

语种：英文

27、tradeoffer

http://www.tradeoffer.com/

语种：英文

28、tradepeak

http://www.tradepeak.com/

被译成了六种语言。

29、The Mellinger Co.

http://www.tradezone.com/trade-leads/suppliers.php

语种：英文

30、Wbiz

http://www.wbiz.net/

语种：英文

31、WTExpo

http://wtexpo.com/

语种：英文

32、China-Exporter

http://www.china-exporter.net/

语种：中文/英文

中文的发布信息后好像看不到。

33、WTC JAPAN TRADE LEADS

http://www.wtcjapan.ne.jp/

语种：英文/日文

34、FOREIGN TRADE

http://www.foreign-trade.com/

语种：英文

35、WorldTradeAA

http://www.worldtradeaa.com/

语种：英文

36、China Exporter Calalog

http://exporter.globalimporter.net/

语种：中文/英文

37、TradeBIG

http://www.tradebig.com/front.php

语种：中文/英文

中文分为简全和繁体

38、GuoXin

http://www.guoxinb2b.com/

语种：英文

39、VIETOFFER

http://www.vietoffer.com/main.php

语种：英文

40、VIETNAM CHINA BUSSINESS LINK

http://www.vietnamchinalink.com/default.asp?lang=3

提供了三种语言供大家选择



41、NuDeal

http://www.nudeal.com/

语种：英文

不过发布信息和产品是有限制的，每种只能发布10条

42、NetGlobalTrade

http://www.netglobaltrade.com/

语种：英文

43、PREMiERbusiNESSclub

http://www.premierbc.com/

语种：英文

44、aaaoe

http://www.aaaoe.com/

语种：英文

看不到其它人的联系方式

45、Tpage

http://www.tpage.com/

语种：英文

46、Export500

http://www.export500.com/eexport/main/index.jsp

语种：英文

47、86trade

http://www.86trade.com/

语种：中文/英文

48、100trade

http://www.100trade.com/English/index.asp

语种：中文/英文

49、ASIADCP

http://www.asiadcp.net/

语种：中文/英文

50、EC21

http://www.ec21.com/

语种：中文/英文

英文的浏览量很高，经常可以收到客户的询盘。

51、EC51

http://www.ec51.com/

语种：中文/英文

52、ecplaza

http://www.ecplaza.net/

语种：中文/英文

英文的浏览量很高，经常可以收到客户的询盘。

53、hardwaretoday

http://www.hardwaretoday.com/english/index.jsp

语种：中文/英文

54、SINOBAL

http://www.sinobal.com/

语种：中文/英文

55、ttnet

http://www.ttnet.net/

语种：中文/英文

英文的浏览量比较高，有时可以收到客户的询盘。

56、wdtrade

http://www.wdtrade.com/

语种：中文/英文

首发: 我是焦点-SEO博客联盟

57、BtobTrans





http://www.btobtrans.com/intl/en/

被译成了10种语言

58、TRADEKEY

http://www.tradekey.com/

语种：中文/英文

在一定时间内可以免费发布信息，好像是十五天。过了这时间之后就不能发布



信息。

59、掌商网

http://zs91.com/

语种：中文/英文

不过英文的服务器好像有些问题，发布、修改信息时经常看不到信息的名字。

60、CECF Online





http://www.cecf.com.cn/en/index.do

语种：中文/英文

61、WTO

http://www.wtoworld.com/

语种：中文/英文

62、SM160

http://www.sm160.com/

语种：中文/英文

63、商智通

http://www.chinese-supplies.com/

语种：中文/英文

中文的浏览量比较高，有时可以收到客户的询盘。

64、Goodsres

http://www.goodsres.com/

语种：中文/英文

中文的分为简体和繁体。

65、八方资源网

http://en.b2b168.com/

语种：中文/英文

浏览量比较高，有时可以收到客户的询盘。

66、BusyTrade

http://www.busytrade.com/

被译成五种语言。

浏览量比较高，有时可以收到客户的询盘。不过免费会员发布信息有时间限制



，过期了，就不能发了。

67、CHINESE365

http://english.chinese365.net/





语种：中文/英文

68、Sugoo

http://www.sugoo.com/Index.htm





被译成了六种语言。

69、中制华商网

http://en.miccpit.com/

语种：中文/英文

70、tradelinkist

http://www.tradelinkist.com/

语种：中文/英文

71、中国产品平台

http://english.mainone.com/

语种：中文/英文

72、1798

http://en.1798.cn/

语种：中文/英文

73、buy-hk

http://www.buy/-



hk.org/english/index.htm

语种：中文/英文

74、B2BQUOTE

http://ckw19.gm11.b2bquote.com/





语种：英文

不过今天服务器好像有些问题，进不去。

75、ChineseSource

http://www.chinesesource.net/





语种：英文

76、CNEXPORT

http://www.cnexport.net/

语种：中文/英文

77、CEOIC

http://www.ceoic.com/

语种：中文/英文

不过今天服务器好像有问题，进不去

78、seekgoods

http://www.seekgoods.com/

语种：英文

不过今天服务器好像有问题，进不去

ecEmirates

http://www.ecemirates.com/

语种：英语



toboc

http://www.toboc.com/

语种：英文

不过免费的成员好像只能发布一条信息。



几十个经典国外B2B网站，全部可免费发

喜欢的朋友不要忘了，顶下

1 ALIBABAhttp://www.alibaba.com/

这个不用说了吧！

2 FREEDOM TRADEhttp://www.freedom-trade.com/

自由发信息的论坛，发信息很方便、快捷，有3W多国内外贸易会员！

3 POSTRADEhttp://www.postrade.com/

注册要邮件激活，激活后可免费发信息！



4 EC PLAZAhttp://www.ecplaza.net/

注册需要邮箱接收一个验证码才能登录，我用sohu的邮箱没收到

5 ECROBOT.COMhttp://www.ecrobot.com/

注册，发布信息，都比较简单。

6 EC21http://www.ec21.net/

注册发布信息，可生成公司简介主页

7 FOREIGN-TRADEhttp://www.foreign-trade.com/

有贸易论坛，不用注册，发布简单。

8 BUSY TRADEhttp://www.busytrade.com/

注册即可发布，信息需要审核

9 NUDEALhttp://www.nudeal.com/welcome/

注册，发布信息，都比较简单。



10 ASIA TRADEhttp://www.asiatrade.com/forum/index.php

贸易论坛，注册即可发布。

11 SWISSS INFOhttp://www.swissinfo.com/

论坛、留言板样式，注册需邮件验证，登录时不是普通的网页登录

12 WORLD TRADE AAhttp://www.worldtradeaa.com/

注册时用邮件地址做用户名，登录时也一样，注册验证激活后即可发布，发布



需审核

13 CENTRETRADEhttp://centretrade.com/cgi-local/forum.cgi

非常简单的留言本样式，发布的信息可能比较容易被搜索引擎收录

14 CYBERTRADEZONEhttp://www.cybertradezone.com/default.asp

注册后可发布简单的信息

15 EXTRADEhttp://www.extrade.net/

简单注册后，即可发布，无需审核。

16 TRADEZONEhttp://www.tradezone.com/ITbb/index.php

贸易论坛，注册即可发布。

17 EC TRADEhttp://www.ectrade.com/

国内办的网站，英文版注册可发表，中文版没有试

18



Leads.html" target="_blank">http://www.allproducts.com/lead/TradeLeads.html

论坛核心，注册即可发布信息

19 http://www.buyselltrading.com/





用邮件地址作为用户名,注册，注册激活后即可发布

20 SW365http://www.sw365.com/

可以免费发布产品信息，产品展示，可设置简单的公司主页

21 TRADE-INDIAhttp://www.trade-india.com/bbsnew/bbsindex.html

免费发布，发布信息的时候，同时注册，需邮件激活

22 AFACERI ONLINEhttp://www.afacerionline.com/

只能注册30天试用期的免费会员，发布信息需要审核

23 PPPINDIAhttp://www.pppindia.com/trade/trade.html

直接发布，无需注册、审核

24 TRADEEASYhttp://www.tradeeasy.com/jsp/tehome.jsp

有简体中文版，英文版注册发布成功，中文版没试！

25 PREMIERBChttp://www.premierbc.com/

用邮件地址注册，注册后即可发布信息

26 IMPEXTRADEhttp://www.impextrade.com/

就是made-in-china

27 NET GLOBAL TRADEhttp://www.netglobaltrade.com/

邮件验证注册，可发表

28 GO4WORLDBUSINESShttp://www.go4worldbusiness.com/

注册即可免费发布，信息中不能包含网址

Hand-Assembled Footwear

Hand-Assembled Footwear
The footwear industry is an important outlet for rubber. Hand-assembled footwear is one of its products.
Although this method is labour intensive, it still has its advantages in that it allows for greater flexibility in changing product design without the need for acquiring new and sometimes expensive equipment. Some all-rubber industrial and Wellington boots and canvas-topped sports shorts are still made by this method.
A pair of all-rubber industrial boots may consist of 40 rubber or rubberized fabric component parts, each prepared and cut to the required shape prior to assembly. These parts consist of the outer rubber leg, outer rubber vamp, fabric leg lining, fabric vamp lining, insole, toe and heel reinforcements, foxing strip, sole and heel.
The calendered sheet for the production of outsoles is produced on a four roll calendar where the fourth roll is engraved with the necessary sole pattern. Any required sole design and thickness is obtained by changing the fourth roll.
The component, freshened by a solvent wipe or thin rubber solution, are assembled in a specified sequence, tightly on the metal last and then thoroughly rolled to ensure good bonding.
For canvas-topped footwear, the fabric components are die cut and machined together to form the upper, and on to which eyelets and heelpieces have been fitted. This is lasted on to the last, and the necessary rubber components attached.
Vulcaniation is carried out in a large cylindrical autoclave heated mternally by steam coils fitted in the base and around the sides. The boots or shoes are loaded on to carries and wheeled into the autoclave. Immediately the autoclave doors are closed, air, at a pressure of some 3kg/cm2, is admitted to offset any blistering of blowing of the outer rubber parts. The temperature gradually rises to 135oC, where it is then maintained for the remainder of the vulcanizing period, which is normally 60~65min, in total.
Because of the different thickness of rubber components and the hot-air method of vulcanization, the compound need to have a plateau-type curing system to avoid degradation. Accelerator system based on thiazoles with TMTD as a booster have been proved effective.



New Words and Expressions
1. footwear 鞋类
2. outlet 排水口，出口
3. labour 劳动，劳动大众
4. intensive 强烈的，加强的
5. expensive 昂贵的，花钱多的
6. boot 靴子，（美国）长筒靴
high boots (英国)长筒靴
Wellington boot 长筒靴，高筒鞋
7. canvas topped 布面
8. sports shoes 运动鞋
9. rubberized 涂胶的，挂胶的
10. prior 早先的，更重要的
prior to 在……之前
11. leg 腿，腿统
12. vamp 鞋面，鞋帮
13. line 镶里子，衬里
leg lining 统里
14. insole 中底
outsole 大底
15. toe 趾，脚趾，足尖，鞋头
toe reinforcement 护趾布
16. heel 脚后跟，鞋（袜）后跟
heel reinforcement 护跟布
17. foxing 沿条，围条（胶鞋）
foxing strip 沿条，围条
18. sole 脚底，鞋底，袜底
sole pattern 大底花纹
19. engrave 雕刻，刻上
20. freshen 使新鲜
21. wipe 涂刷
22. specify 指定，详细说明，列举
23. sequence 连续，序列，顺序
24. tight 紧紧的
25. last 鞋楦
继续，维持，套
26. thoroughly 彻底地，充分地，完全地
27. bond 契约，债券，联结
28. die 硬模，冲模，钢型
die out 冲切
29. upper 鞋帮，鞋面
上部的
30. eyelet 鞋跟
31. heelpieces 护跟布
32. attach 加上，帖上，系上
33. coil 圈，盘，盘管
34. immediate 立即，紧接的
35. admit 允许，进入
36. offset（offset, offset, offset, offsetting） 抵销，弥补，去除，注销
37. blister 气泡，鼓泡
38. blow 发泡，鼓泡
39. total 总计的，完全的
40. plateau 高原，高层，由线的平稳段
a plateau-type curing system 平坦型硫化体系
41. degradation 降解
42. thiazole 噻唑类
43. bootster 第二促进剂

Rubber Hose

Rubber Hose
Rubber plays an important part as hose for conveying fluids or gases. There are a number of different types used depending on the nature of the fluid and the conditions of use. Hose will differ in construction depending on whether it is used at ordinary pressure, under high pressure, or rubber and fabric; or rubber, fabric and metal.
For present consideration, however, they may be divided into the following classes, according to the method adopted for reinforcement;
1. Hose reinforced with fabric used for conveying fluids under moderate pressure.
2. Hose reinforced with braided yarn and used for conveying fluids under moderate pressure.
3. Hose reinforced with wire, used under heavy pressure or strong suction.
For high duty hose, reinforcement with fabric or braided yarn is inadequate. For high pressure or suction work which might cause the hose to collapse, it is necessary to use still stronger reinforcing material such as galvanized steel spiral or braided steel wire.
In a case of suction hose, the steel wire is built in as closely as possible to the interior diameter and most of the fabric is outside this wire, in order to reinforce the hose effectively.
New Words and Expressions
1. fluid 流动的，流体的
流体
2. nature 自然界，性质
3. ordinary 通常的，正常的
4. suction 抽吸，吸力
5. consideration 考虑
6. divide 划分，除，分派，不合
divide…into… 分…成…
7. adopt 采取
8. reinforcement 补强，增强
9. moderate 中等的
10. braid 编织
11. yarn 纱线
12. inadequate 不充分，不足
13. galvanize 电镀，镀锌，通电流
galvanized 电镀的，镀锌的
14. spiral 螺旋形的，螺纹的
螺旋，螺纹管，螺线

Rubber Belts

Rubber Belts
Rubber is employed for a number of perposes in belts. The leading uses are:
1) conveyor belts;
2) Flat transmission belts;
3) V-belts.
The fabric used for belts must be such that (1) The warp thread are strong enough to carry the required loads; (2) The weft threads must be sufficiently strong so that belt fasteners will be held firmly. For both conveyor belts and transmission belts the initial stage of preparation are very mush the same. The fabric must first be dried either by passing over a series of hot rollers or through a drying chamber. The fractioning process is carried out while the fabrics still warm. The milled compound is fed between the top and middle bowls and runs on the middle bowl. The fabric is fed between the bottom and middle bowls. The compound is forced into the interstices of the fabric, the fractioned fabric being cooled. The operation is repeated for the other side. Using a liner to prevent sticking.
Conveyor belts
Rubber conveyor belts are used for conveying every conceivable type of material. They are consisted of : (1)duck fractioned with rubber; (2)a tough rubber cover which protects the duck against corrosion and mechanical attack.
The plies are assembled on ling tables, being passed through squeeze rolls to consolidate them.
The rubber cover may be applied in several ways. Calendered sheets of the right thickness are rolled on to the built up fabric, first on the one side, then the other, and the assembly run through squeeze rolls.. Extruded strips are then applied to the edges. The belt is vulcanized in long presses which may be 30 feet long by 6 feet wide. The belt is being stretched during vulcanization.
Transmission Belts
Transmission belts are generally much narrower than conveyor belts. the fractioned canvas is slit into strips of the requisite width. These are then assembled in long table, pass through squeeze rells and finally wrapped by a ply of fractioned duck.
The another type of transmission belts are made by assembling the requisite member of full width of fractioned canvas, vulcanizing, and then cutting to the desired width. The edge are sealed with a coating of rubber solution.
V-belts
V-belts are generally constructed of a top layer of rubber ,a cord section, situated at the neutral axis, and a base or cushion rubber, the whole assembly being surrounded by a fabric jacket. The shorter belts are manufactured on rotable collapsible drum formers. The belts are subsequently vulcanized in multi-ring mould in open steam.
The long-length belts are built on twin-drum building machines. The belts are vulcanized endlessly by moulding in a press under controlled stretch conditions.
After manufacture, the belts are checked for length and made up into matching sets.

New Words and Expressions

1. purpose 目的,用途
2. conveyor 运输机
3. conveyor belt 运输带
4. transmission 传递
5. power transmission belt 传动带
6. flat transmission belt 平型传运带
7. V-belt 三角带
8. warp 经线
9. warp thread 经线
10. load 装载
11. weft 纬线
12. weft thread 纬线
13. fastener 将东西扣牢之物,连接件,搭扣
14. fasten 坚固,使固定
15. firm 坚固地,坚定地,稳定地,商号,商行
16. preparation 制备
17. dry 干燥的,使干燥
18. series 连续,系列
19. a series of 一系列,一连串,一套
20. top 顶部 最高的
21. bowl 碗,碗状物
22. bottom 底,底部 最底的,最后的
23. interstices 布孔,布眼
24. repeat 重复
25. prevent 防止,预防
26. convey 输送
27. conceivable 可以想象到的
28. duck 帆布,鸭
29. tough 坚实,厚实,结实
30. corrosion 腐蚀
31. attack 攻击,进攻
32. squeeze 挤压
33. consolidate 使结实
34. edge 刀口,边缘.棱
35. stretch 伸展.拉伸.拉紧
36. narrow 狭的,窄的
37. canvas 帆布
38. slit slit , slit; slit, slitting 切开,扯裂
39. requisite 所需的
40. seal 封闭,密封
41. solution 解决,解答,溶解,溶液
42. rubber solution 胶浆
43. construct 建造,造句,作文
44. section 部分,片断,部门,节(文章)
45. situated 位于,坐落在………..
46. neutral 中央的,中心的
47. neutral axis 中心轴
48. cushion 垫子,垫层
49. rotable 可旋转的
50. collapsible 可拆卸的
51. subsequently 接下来
52. multi 多
53. ring 环,指
54. multi- ringmould 多环模
55. long-length belt 长带
56. twin 双的,挛生的,挛生子
57. twin-drum building machine 双鼓成型机
58. match 匹配
59. matching sets 匹配成组

Tyres,Rubber Tyres

Tyres
The first pneumatic tyre was invented in 1845 by R. W. Thompson (B.p.10990) and consisted of a rubber tube with a leather covering. J.B. Dunlop rediscovered the hollow tyre in 1888. It consisted of a rubber tube covered with textile and rubber. The cord weave was introduced between 1916 and 1919 the overall performance of a tyre depends on its construction (tread pattern, choice of cord fibre, etc.) just as such as on the rubber used. It will be interesting to note the main trend of the past two decades: from tube to tubeless, from bias ply to tadial ply, from rayon to nylon, steel or polyester cords.
A pneumatic tyre is a complex arrangement consisting of steel bead wires and steel or texlile casing cord surrounded by a number of different rubber compounds. Even for a small car tyre, these comprise of tread, sidewall, casing, inner liner and head compound. The formulation for these rubber compounds are chosen according to the major demands required of them in service-abrasion resistance and grip for treads; flexibility for sidewall; heat resistance for casing; impermeability to air for inner liners etc.
The steel or textile cord in the casing supply much of the strength of the tyre and allow high internal pressures to be used. Cotton cord material has been replaced by rayon, polyester, glass, brass plated steel cord. Now Fibre B (Kevlar) is been introduced, a synthetic textile based on an aromatic amide with an exceptionally high modulus of elasticity.
Each rubber compound in a tyre contains rubber polymers (elastomers) cross-linked (vulcanized) with sulfur. The more commonly used elastomers are natural rubber and its synthetic equivalent cis-polyisoprene, styene butadiene copllymer and polybutadiene.
Only about 40~50% of the rubber compound is elastomer, the rest been made up of various carbon black (30%), mineral oils, and waxes, pine tars, reins, various organic antioxidants, accelerators, retarders and peptizers, together with sulfur, zine oxide and stearic acid. Choosing the types and relations of these so-called compounding ingredients to achieve the physical properties required is the duty of tyre compounders.



New Words and Expressions
1. pneumatic 充气的，风力的，汽力的
2. B.P. ; Br.P. 英国专利
British Patent
3. leather 皮革
4. rediscover 重新发现
5. textile 织物，织品原料
6. weave 织法，织物
7. overall 总的
8. performance 性能，成绩
9. tread 轮胎面，（楼梯）踏板，步法
10. pattern 花纹，图案，类型
tread pattern 胎面花纹
11. main 主要的
12. trend 趋势
13. decade 十年，十个一组
14. tubed 有内胎的
15. tubeless 无内胎的
16. bias 斜交
17. radial 子午线的
18. rayon 人造丝；粘胶丝
19. nylon 尼龙
20. polyester 聚酯
21. complex 复杂的
络合物，联合企业
22. arrange 安排，排列
arrangement 安排，排列
23. bead 胎圈，胎耳，子口
24. wire 电线，金属线
25. casing 胎体，胎身
26. comprise 包含，包括，由……组成
27. sidewall 胎侧
28. inner 内部的
29. liner 衬套，衬垫，班机，定期船
30. major 主要的
31. grip 抓着
抓着，握紧
32. flexibility 屈挠性
33. impermeability 不渗透性，气密性
34. brass 黄铜
35. plate 镀，（用金属板）包
盘子，板，（金银）餐具
brass plated 镀金铜
36. amide 酰铵
37. exceptionally 不寻常地，特别地，罕有地
38. elastomer 弹性体
39. cross-link 交联
40. equivalent 相等的，对应的
相等物，（理化）当量，（数学）等价
41. copolymer 共聚物
42. retarder 防聚物
43. peptize=peptizing agent 塑解剂
44. relation 关系
45. duty 职责，义务，税

Vulcanization is still the most important operation in producing a usable rubble article.

Vulcanization

Vulcanization is still the most important operation in producing a usable rubble article. Various compounding ingredient merely modify properties, and the use of accelerators, of course, makes volume production possible. It is interesting to note that, even though vulcanization has been known and used for over 150 years, there has been little change in the basic process. Sulfur is still the most important curing ingredient, and steam is still the most important source of controlled temperature.
After rubber compounds have been properly mixed and shaped into blanks or fabricated into a composite item, they must be vulcanized by one of many processes. During vulcanization, the following changes occur:
1. The long chain of the rubber molecules become crosslinked by reactions with the vulcanizing agent to form three-dimensional structures.
2. The rubber loses its tackiness and becomes insoluble in solvents and is more resistant to deterioration normally caused by heat, light and aging.
3. The mechanical properties of compound have been increased.
Finished articles can be cured by different techniques. The four most common methods of hot vulcanization are briefly outlined as follows:
1. In moulds under hydraulic pressure between steam or electrically heated platens in a ‘daylight’ press.
2. In moulds under hydraulic pressure entirely surrounded by steam in an autoclave press.
3. Wrapped in cloth, or embedded in an inert powder such as talc, in live steam under pressure; the so-called ‘open steam’ cure.
4. Directly in hot air, at atmospheric or raised pressure, the ‘dry-heat’ method of vulcanization.
Air has relatively low thermal capacity capacity as compared with steam. Its thermal conductivity also much lower. Heat is therefore not transferred quickly by hot air to the rubber articles to be vulcanized. A given compound normally takes about twice as long to cure in hot air as in saturaled steam. On the other than mould curing. Because of the slowness of vulcanization accelerators in compounds that are vulcanized in hot air should be active at a relatively low temperature in order that the surface of the articles acquires some stability through an early onset of vulca nization.
New Words and Expressions

1.usable 可用的，可使用的
2.merely 仅仅，只不过
3.volume 卷，体积，大量，音量
4. basic 基本的
5.steam 汽，蒸汽
6.source 源，来源
7.fabricate 建造，制造，捏造
8.composite 合成的，集成的，综合的
9.item 条款，项目
composite item 组合件
10.occur 发生，存在，出现，想到
11.insoluble 不可溶解的，不能解决的
soluble 可溶解的，可解决的
12.cause 引起，使发生
原因，理由，事业
13.technique 技术，技巧，手法
（=technic）
14.brief 简短的，简洁的
摘要，大纲，扼要的
15.hydraulic 水力的，液力的，水压的，液压的
hydraulic pressure 液压
16.platen 加热板
17.daylight press 平板硫化机
18.autoclave press （立式）硫化罐
19.embed(或imbed) 埋放
20.live 活的，燃烧的，活跃的
live steam 直接蒸气
21.open steam cure 直接蒸气硫化
22.dry-heat 热空气
23.relatively 有联系的，有关系的，相对的
relative 亲戚，关系词
24.thermal capacity 热容量
25.as compared with 与……相比
26.conductivity 传导率，传导能，传导系数
thermal conductivity 导热性，导热系数
27.saturated 使湿透，使饱和
saturated steam 饱和蒸汽
28.call for 要求，需要
29.acquire 获得，带来，得到
30.stability 坚固，稳定
31.oneset 进攻，发作

Extrusion is a very economical and wikely used method of processing rubber

Extrusion
Extrusion is a very economical and wikely used method of processing rubber both for making blanks for molding and for forming rods, tubes, strips, channels and gaskets of a wide variety of sizes and shapes.
The rubber compound is first warmed on a mill and then fed directly to extruder in a continuous strip. An extruder consists substantially of a cylindrical piece or barrel in which a screw is rotating. A rubber strip introduced into the extruder is seized by the screw whose threads take along and push it toward the end of the cylinder, which has an orifice or die of the desire shape. The rubber compound, warmed up by the energetic processing and ejected underpressure, has the continuous shape. Obviously, a great variety of articles can be made by extrusion. The best example is the tyre tread, which leaves the extruder flat. It is cut to proper lengths and assembled on the drum of tyre building machine with the other components, such as cord, fabric plies, beads, etc.
If a hollow product, for example a hose, is to be made, then the extruder head will be equipped with a core mounted in the center of its circular orifice, or die. To prevent sticking of the hose to itself if it collapses after leaving the extruder, the core is also hollow and through its opening tale is spread in the interior of the hose.
The rubber compound swell on extrusion by an amount which depends on the consistency of the stock, the pressure and the rate of extrusion, the temperature, and other factors, so that the size and contour of the die and the operating conditions must be adjusted in order to obtain a product having the desired shape and dimensions.
Extruder screw are made of special steel. They are hollow to permit cooling and their pitch is usually variable. Their diameter are 2 to 10 inches. They of treatment than at constant speed. Temperature control is very important, especially for the head die, which shoud have sutomatic control.
The extruder is continuously and, in most cases, automaticly charged with a preheated rubber compound.



New Words and Espressions
1．method 方法
2．blank (模压)胶坯，空白试验，空白
空白的
3．rod 杆，竿，长棒
4．gasket 垫片，密封垫
5．warm 温暖的
warm up 使暖，热心
6．extruder 暖活起来
7．cylindrical 压出机，挤出机
8．barrel 机筒
9．thread 螺纹
10．cylinder 圆柱体，（机械）汽缸
11．orifice 孔
12．die 死
口型
13．energetic 强烈的，有力的
14．eject 推出，顶出
15．obviously 显然地，明显地
16．tread 胎面
17．length 长，长度
18．assemble 帖合，组合，装配
19．drum 鼓
20．ply 层
21．dead 钢丝圈
22．hollow 中空的
23．hose 胶管，管子
24．core 芯型，芯体
25．center,centre 中央，中心
26．collapse 崩裂，崩溃，崩瘪
27．talc 滑石粉
28．interior 内部，内地，内政
在内的，内部的，内地的
29．consistency=consistence 始终，稠度
30．rate 速度
31．contour 弧面
32．steel 钢
33．permit 允许，许可，准许
34．constant 恒定的，经常地，连续不断的
35．preheat 预热

calendaring and coating fabrics.Rubber sheet

Calendering
Calendering mainly are rubber sheet calendaring and coating fabrics. Rubber sheet are calendered to uniform thickness and width. For most purpose the rubber mixing is next taken to the calendaring rolls. The simplest possible form of calendar consists of two perfectly true and smooth rolls one superimposed upon the other, the mass of mixed rubber being fed in between the rolls on one side and passing out in the form of a sheet on the other.
Most calenders consist of three rolls The middle (intermediate or central) roll bearing is stationary, the other two are movable along the machine stand and the nip of the rolls with respect to the central can be adjusted. The rubber sheet is brought to uniform thickness in two steps. The sheet leaving the first pair of rolls (top and intermediate) is immediately seized by the second pair (intermediate and bottom), whose nip is smaller than that of the first pair. The sheet obtained is, of course, more even and regular than would be produced by one pair of rolls only. The calender rolls are bored for steamheating as when warm the rubber is, of course, softer and more plastic.
A calender operator should attempt to produce a flat sheet of material regular in thickness across its width and length. Many factors are involved in achieving this object, including stock temperature of the feed, roll temperature, float of the rolls in the their bearings, speed and condition of the gears. A regular supply of feed stock is required, warm up as nearly as possible to the calender temperature, and the supply to the nip must be consistent in quantity and temperature. All variations tend to bad production. A regular bank clearly gives a regular product, and blended batches aid this end.
The three-roll calender is used also coating fabrics, that is for spreading a rubber layer over them. Skim coating or topping is generally applied to fabrics which have been treated to remove moisture, and the fibers treated with a suitable adhesive to ‘bond’ to the hot coat or skim of rubber applied on the calender. The rubber layer is prepared by the first pair of rolls and the second pair presses it against the fabric surface. Frictionin gis confined to three-roll calenders. In contrast to the topping process, it is for spreading rubber into fabric under shearing action.
The three-roll calender is suitable for coating only one surface of the fabric. For coating both sides, a four-roll calender is used, which has a third pair of roll for preparing a second rubber layer.
New Words and Expressions

1、 sheet 片，单
2、 coat 涂复，涂胶，涂层
3、 fabric 织物
4、 perfect 完全的，精确的
5、 true 完全相同的
6、 superimpose 重叠，叠上
7、 mass 团，块，卷
8、 fed 喂，供料
9、 stand 架子
10、 respect 尊敬，注意，关系
with respect to 关于，相对……而言
11、 adjust 调整，调节
12、 regular 有规律的，经常的，整齐的
13、 pair 一双，一付，一对
14、 bore 钻孔，打眼
15、 steam 蒸汽
steam-heating 蒸汽加热
16、 attempt 企图，设法，试度
17、 flat 平坦瓣，挺直的，单调的
18、 involve 卷入，陷于，拖累，包含，包括
19、 object 物体，对象，目地
20、 float 浮，漂
21、 consistent 一致的，始终如一的
22、 variation 变化，变动
23、 tend 趋向，倾向
24、 blend 混合，调和
blend, blent, blent
25、 batch 胶料，一批配料
26、 layer 层
27、 skim 贴胶
28、 moisture 湿气，潮湿，水气
29、 fiber, fibre 纤维，性格
30、 adhesive 有粘性的，粘着的
31、 confine 限制，禁闭

Rubber Compounding (1)

Compounding (1)
In conventional rubbers such as natural rubber or the synthetic polyisoprenes, prenes, polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene (SBR) in contrast with plastic, it is unusual to apply the materials in the natural unadulterated state (except for a little colouring dyestuff or pigment ). It is nearly always essential to mix the phur, fatty acid, wax, zinc compounds and vulcanization accelerators. This mixing of the ingredients together with the raw rubber, or the plasticized rubber is called ‘compound’, and the final homogeneous mix is referred to as the ‘rubber compound’.
Compounding Recipes
In order to aid in the development of a rubber compound the various ingredients to be used are compiled into a ‘recipe’. Every recipe contains a number of components, each having a specific function either in the processing, shaping, vulcanization, or end use of the product.
In general, from the data given in the compounding recipes the following information can be obtained.
1) All the ingredients used are normally given in amount based on a total of 100 parts of the rubber or combinations of rubbers (or masterbatches) used. This notation is general listed as PHR (parts per hundred of rubber). Thus the effect of varying any ingredient used are easily recognized when the physical properties or processing characteristics are compared.
2) Although the function of each component is never indicated in industrial or laboratory recipes, it is apparent that many different materials with specific purposes are used in every recipe.
3) In many recipes, the materials are listed in the general order that they are mixed into the rubber during processing. This method aids compounder in setting up his mixing schedules for processing various compounds and for the preparation of special masterbatches which may be used in many different products.
Weighing and Measuring
The ingredients of the compound have to be weighed, before they are mixed with rubber. The quantities of weighed ingredients are be ordered in the compounding recipe.
Powders are being weighed by automatic scales equipped with pans of known weight. In large rubber factories, fully automatic devices feed the Banbury mixers. With such charging equipment, dust is avoided, as the entire operation is carried out in closed containers. This is a great advantage, especially in plants where carbon black are used.
In modern plants, volumetric measurements is used for liquids rather than weighing. Special pumps of the type used in gas stations meter out the desired quantity of liquid automatically.



New Words and Expressions
1. compounding 配料
2. conventional 常规的，惯例的
3. polyisoprene 聚异戊二烯
4. polybutadiene 聚丁二烯
5. styrene 苯乙烯
6. butadiene 丁二烯
7. SBR（styrene butadiene rubber） 丁苯烯
8. contrast 对比，对照
in contrast with (to) 和…形成对比，和…不大相同
9. unadulterated 纯粹的，不掺其他材料的
10. dvestuff 染料，（橡胶）着色剂
11. homogeneous 均匀的，均质的，均同的
12. recipe 处方，配方
13. aid 帮助，援助
帮助，辅助物，助剂
14. compile 编辑，编制，汇编
15. data 数据，资料，论据
16. information 情报，信息
17. normally 正常地，标准地
18. total 总的，全体的，完全的，绝对的
总数，总计、总额
19. combination 结合，联合，化合，结合体，并用
20. masterbatch 母炼胶
21. notation 标志，符号，写法
22. recognize 认识，辨认，承认
23. characteristic 特征，特性
24. laboratory 试验室
25. apparent 明显的，外观上的
It is apparent that… 很明显…
26. set up 建立，制定，提高，引起
27. schedule 程序表，列入计划
28. order 程序，指令，订货
命令，规定
29. powder 粉末，份料
30. scale 规模，比例，秤
31. equip 设备，装备
32. equipment 设备
33. pan 平底锅，盘子
34. device 装置 ,， 器具
35. feed 喂，供料
36. charge 装填，装载、委任，控告
责任、装置，充电，费用，指控
37. entire 全体的，整个的
38. volume 体积
volumetric 容积
39. measurement
40. liquid 液体
41. pump 泵
42. meter 量
meter out 称出

Mechanical plasticization ,Plasticization (2)

Plasticization (2)
Mechanical plasticization can also be performed in an interal mixer. An internal mixer consists of two horizontal rotors with nogs or protrusions, encased by a jacket. The Bride ‘Banbury mixer’ has a friction ratio between the rotors, and the work is carried out between the rotors and the jacket. In the Francis Shaw ‘intermix’, however, the rotors run at even speed, and the nogs are designed to produce a friction ratio between the rotors. The work in this machine is done between the rotors, rather than between rotors and jacket. Internal mixer is fitted with a pneumatically operated ram to ensure that the rubbers and the rotors are in contact.
This is a very powerful machine which plasticize at a high speed (40 r.p.m.) and high temperature (270-320 oF). The operation can be completed in a few minutes. The capacity of a large internal mixer is about 500 pounds of rubber, which is much higher than that of a two roll mill. The plasticized rubber is discharged at the bottom of the machine through a drop door which opens automatically when the operation is completed.
Heat Plasticization
It is effected in an oven for about 24 hours at 300-400oF in the presence of air at atmosphere. The process may be made continuous by modifying the oven to the form of chutes or tunnels whose output may amount to several tons an hour.
Chemical Plasticization
This term is used to cover the softening of rubber by peptizing agent. It can be carried out both on mixing mills and internal mixers. The peptizing or softening effect takes place only at temperature about 175 oF. It is more rapid and economical than mechanical plasticizing under certain conditions.




New Words and Expressions
1. perform 完成，进行，表现
2. rotor 转子（一般指空炼机）
3. nog （密炼机转子）凸棱
4. protrusion 凸棱
5. encase 装在…内
6. jacket 短上衣，护封，夹套
7. friction 摩擦，摩擦力
8. rather than 而不是……
9. fit 装配，使适合
10. pneumatically 靠压缩空气，气动，风动
11. ram 上顶栓（密炼机），柱塞
a pneumatically operated ram 气动的上顶栓
12. ensure 确保
13. contact 接触，联系 使联系
14. powerful 强力的
15. capacity 能力，本领，容量
16. discharge 排料，卸料
17. a drop door 卸料门
18. automatically 自动地
19. oven 烘箱
20. atmosphere 大气，大气压
atmosphere pressure 大气压
21. continuous 连续的
22. chute 斜道
23. tunnel 隧道，地道，坑道
24. amount 量，数量，合计，总数
合计，等于
amount to 总共达，等于
25. peptize 塑解
peptizing agent 塑解剂
26. rapid 迅速

Plasticization (1)

Plasticization (1)
Raw rubber, especially natural rubber, has to be plasticized to allow incorporation of the ingredients. The main mechanism of plasticization is chain scission, molecular weight reduction and plasticity increase .It makes the material more easily processable.
There are three ways to masticate rubber as follow.
Mechanical Plasticization
This can be carried out on a mixing mill or in an internal mixer, or in a special machine designed for this purpose called plasticator. This is a force chemical process. A thigh temperature (大于175F) and in the presence of air. Rubber down primarily by oxidative degradation. At room temperature the main mechanism of molecular weight reduction is mechanical chain scission.
A mixing mill consists essentially of two horizontal side by side rolls which are rotating at different speeds in opposite opposite directions and can be heated or cooled. The gap between the rolls is adjustable and this gap is called the “nip “in rubber terminology. Raw rubber is placed between the rolls which usually have a diameter of 10-20 inch and are water cooled to maintain their temperature at about 140F
The two rolls which are made of special steel are mounted on a support made of last iron or molded steel. In genernal, the bearings of the rear roll are stationary and those of the front roll movable, so that the clearance between the rolls can be varied. The rolls are driven by an electric motor and gear boxes. The front roll is rotated at a speed of about 15-25 r .p .m. The speed of the rear roll is higher, the ratio being 1:1.2 to 1:1.5.
Passing the raw rubber repeatedly between the two rolls of the mill will change its physical properties. The hard and compact raw rubber gradually becomes soft. It loses its elestioity and becomes plastic. After a given tim period, which varies with the condition of working from some 10 to 20 minutes, the raw rubber pieces form a soft and plastic strip which rotates together with the front roll. the raw rubber is then considered to be plasticized and is suitable for taking up fillers and other ingredients.

New Words and Expressions
1. mechanism 机构,机械作用,机理,作用原理
2. scission 切断
3. chain scission 断链(作用)
4. plasticity 塑性
5. processable 可加工的
6. masticate 塑炼
7. force-chemical process 力化学过程
8. presence 存在,出度,在场
9. primarily 首先,根本上
10. oxidative 氧化的
11. degradation 降解,裂解
12. essentially 实质地,必须地,精华地
13. horizontal 水平的
14. gap 间隙,缝隙
15. adjust 调节
16. adjustable 可调节的
17. nip 辊缝
18. terminology 术语,专门名词
19. diameter 直径
20. inch 英寸
21. maintain 保持,维持
22. mount 安装
23. support 机架,车架.支架
24. cast 铸,
25. cast iron 生铁
26. bearing 轴承
27. rear 后的
28. real roll 后辊.
29. stationary 固定的,
30. movable 可动的
31. clearance 缝隙
32. gear 齿轮
33. gear box 齿轮箱
34. revolution 革命,公转,旋转,一转
35. r . p . m.(revolution per minute) 每分种转速
36. ratio 比,速比
37. compact 紧密的,简洁的,合同,协定,契约
38. gradually 逐渐地
39. period 时期.期间
40. strip 胶条,剥除
41. take up 吸取,接纳,开始
42. Fahrenheit 华氏温度表

Rubber Processing

Rubber Processing
The raw material of rubber manufacture is crude or raw rubber in which various ingredients are incorporated to prepare a compound. This compound is brought into the desired frm and the finished products is obtained by vulcanization or cure.
Rubber articles are manufactured by several operations, the most important ones being as follws.
Physical treatment of the raw rubber makes it suitable for incorporation of compounding ingredients. This operation is called plasticization of mastication, which is carried out on a mill, in an interal mixer, or in a “plastlentor”----a highspeed screw extruding machine.
Incorporation of various substances especially fillers into rubber is called mixing, which is also effected on a mill or in an interal mixer.
Pretreatment of the mix to make it suitable for the preparation of the desired product may consist of calemdering, extrusion, impregnating or spreading, depending on the article to be made.
Forming the product to be manufactured consists. in general, of the use of a mold with the desired shape and dimension. This step is called molding.
Vulcanization or curing the molded article will give the rubber properties which will meet the specifications. This operation is carried out in an autoclave or press.

New Words and Expressions

1. raw 生的,未加工的,未训练的
2. raw material 原料
3. crude 天然的,未加工的,粗制的
4. bring into 引进,实现,产生
5. desire 要求,愿望
6. cure 硫化
7. several 几个,个别,单独
8. physical 物理的,体力的,自然的,物质的
9. plasticization 塑化,塑练
10. carry out 进行,执行
11. internal 内部的
12. mixer 混合器,开练机,密练机
13. internal mixer 密练机
14. plasticator 螺杆塑练机
15. screw 螺杆
16. pre- 预先
17. pretreatment 预加工,预处理
18. preparation 制备,准备
19. consist of 包括,由……组成
20. calender 压延
21. extrusion 压出
22. impregnate 浸渍,浸浆
23. spread 涂胶,刮胶
24. mold , mould 模型
25. dimension 尺寸
26. specification 规格,规定
27. autoclave 硫化罐
28. press 平板硫化机,压力,出版社,压力机

The Effect of Rubber Compounding on Rubber Properties

The Effect of Rubber Compounding on Rubber Properties
We have just discussed the various compounding ingredients and have indicated their prinecipal affects, new we shall look at rubber compounding from a different angle. We shall describe how the properties of the vulcanizate can be modified and how the rubber compound can adapt to manufacturing operations by the addition of suitable ingredients.
Tensile Strength This property, which is seldom encountered in the service conditions of rubber, is often used as a measure of their quality.
We have noted the effect of reinforcing and inert fillers on the tensile strength. We have also mentioned that addition of reclaimed rubber, factice, crumb rubber and plasticizers would adversely affect the tensile strength, Besides these factors the tensile strength to a certain degree.
Modulus A high value of the modulus indicators that the vulcanizate is hard and stiff and a low value points to a soft, flexible product. The modulus can be controlled best by proper choice of accelerator and fillers.
Hardness Rubber article seldom call for a lower hardness than that of a pure gum stock. If necessary, the hardness can be reduced by addition of large quantities (up to 80 PHR) or factices or softeners but this also causes reduction in the mechanical product will be.
Tear And Abrasion Resistance These two properties vary in substantially the same manner within certain limits. If the highest possible values are sought, carbon black should be used. Additional improvement in these properties can be achieved by proper choice of the accelerator MBT and its derivatives being especially recommended. Reclaimed rubber, factices, and curmb rubber cause a pronounced decrease in these properties.
Aging And Fatigue Resistance For resistance to repeated deformations, overfilled, or highly pigmented compounds should be avoided; also, it is imperative to use optimum vulcanization conditions.
For heat resistance, large quantities of fillers of plasticizers and sulfur should be used, The EV and SEV systems have been employed recently in many heatresistant compounds and prove successfully due to higher bond energy of mono and disulfur linkages.

New Words and Expressions
1. modify 改良,改性
2. adapt 适应,改编
3. adapt to 适应于
4. factice 油膏
5. crumb 颗粒,点滴,面包屑
6. crumb rubber 颗料胶
7. adversely 相反地
8. influence 影响
9. stiff 僵硬的
10. gum 纯胶,树胶,涂树胶
11. stock 胶料
12. manner 方式,态度
13. seek 寻求,企图
14. derivative 衍生物
15. pronounce 发音,宣告,表示
16. pronounced 显著地,断然地
17. fatigue 疲劳,使疲劳
18. deformation 变形
19. overfill 过量填充
20. overfilled 过量填充的
21. pigment 着色剂
22. imperative 强制的,不得不的
23. optimum 最佳的,最适宜的
24. employ 使用,雇用
25. due 应付,适当,应到的
26. due to 由于,起因于
27. bond 键,联络,契约
28. mono- 单，一
29. di- 双，二
30. mono and dissulfur 单硫和双硫
31. linkage 键

Plasticizers or Softeners

Plasticizers or Softeners
Any material that can be added to rubber to either aid mixing, promote greater elasticity, produce tack, or extend (or replace) a portion of the rubber hydrocarbon (without a loss in physical properties), can be classified as a softener.
Making rubber plastic is an expensive operation that can be facililated by the use of plasticizers or softeners. Many substances, such as vegetable and mineral oils, waxes, paraffins, pitch, tar and resins have been used for this purpose. The principle plasticizers are the fatty acid, expecially stearic acid, pine tar, and the so-called mineral rubbers, which are natural asphalts.
The most important effects of plasticizers or softeners are as follows:
They reduce the cost of mechanical treatment necessary for plasticizing the rubber.
They facilitate the addition and uniform distribution of fillers.
They allow mastication performed at lower temperature, thus avoiding scorching of the compounded rubber.
They make highly filled rubber compounds sufficiently soft for moulding.
They increase the adhesiveness of the compound and give tackiness when this is desirable.
In the use of plasticizers of softeners, many factors should be considered so that the desired degree of plasticity and adhesiveness can be achieved, and sticking of the compound to rolls and its excess ive softening at elevated temperature can be avoided.
Also, too much plasticizer has a harmful effect on the mechanical and aging properties of the finished product. Therefore, plasticization is not a simple problem. Sometime several plasticizers are combined to obtain satisfactory results.
Softrners are used in relatively small quantities, 0.5 to 5.0 percent on the rubber, except in some very special cases where the mechanical properties are sacrificed in order to obtain other advantages.
In addition to the before mentioned types of softeners, new varieties have been developed form petroleum. They are found, in general, in the aromatic fractions obtained from refining highgrade lubricating oil by selective solvent methods, or by vacuum distillation. These softeners may be used in larger quantities without causing excessive reducing in the mechanical properties.
New Words and Expressions
1. plasticizer 增塑剂
2. softener 软化剂
3. promote 提升，增进，晋级
4. elasticity 弹性
5. tack 自粘
6. extend 充填，增充，延伸，扩大
7. portion 部分，一份
8. operation 操作，作业
9. expensive 昂贵的，高价的
10. paraffins 石蜡
11. pitch 沥青（石油），螺距，节距
12. tar 柏油
13. resin 树脂
14. principal 主要的
15. pine 原则，校长
pine tar 松树
16. mineral 松焦油
17. asphalt 矿质橡胶
18. plasticize 沥青（煤焦油）
19. uniform 增塑，塑炼
20. distribution 均匀的
21. perform 分布，分配
22. scorch 完成
23. sufficiently 焦烧
24. adhesiveness 足够地
25. tackiness 粘合性
26. factor 因素
27. degree 度，程度
28. stick 粘着
stick to 粘着，坚持，忠于
29. roll 辊筒
30. excessive 过量的，过渡的
31. elevate 上升
elevated 高尚的，高架的，高的
32. relatively 相对地
33. sacrifice 牺牲，损失，亏本
34. addition 附加物，增加，加法（数学）
in addition 又
in addition to 除……之外，加之
35. mention 提到，注意
before mentioned 前述的
36. variety 变化，种种，多样
37. petroleum 石油
petro 汽油（英）
gasoline, gasoline 汽油（美）
38. aromatic 芳香的
39. fraction 馏分，级分
40. refine 提炼，炼制
41. grade 级
42. lubricate 使润滑
lubricating oil 润滑油
43. selective 选择的
44. solvent 溶剂，溶解（的）
45. vacuum 真空
真空的
46. distillation 蒸馏
47. facilitate 使容易，使得到

Rubber antioxidants

Antioxidants
Antioxidants are used to reduce aging processes in vulcanizate. They function by slowing down the deterioration of rubber produces.
Rubber antioxidants are mostly phenols and amines, and more particularly their condensation products with other compounds. Usually 1 to 2 per cent is added to a rubber formulation. The most common one is phenyl naphthylamine.
Some classical mixtures of antioxidants are available and also several proprietary products the composition of which has not been disclosed. In general, it is preferable to use mixtures as they not only protect against oxygen, but have also other desirable properties. Some of them give resistance go cracking by flexing, others provide protection against heat or light, still others protect against the detrimental effects of metals, such copper, etc.
The resistance to cracking on repeated flexing (called flex cracking) has been extensively studied. This phenomenon may be considered dynamic aging of rubber while oxidation at rest may be regarded as static aging. Finally, the best means found so far is adding waxy substances to rubber compounds. After vulcanization, these have a tendency to bloom on the surface of the rubber article, thus forming a protective film.




New Words and Expressions
1. antioxidant 防老剂
2. aging 老化
3. function 作用，功能
4. slow 尽职，起作用，有效用
5. deterioration 减慢
6. phenol 破坏，败坏
7. amine 胺
8. condensation 凝结，浓缩
9. formulation 配方
10. phenyl 苯基
11. naphthylamine 萘胺
phenyl-naphthylamine 苯基萘胺
12. classical 传统的，经典的
13. available 有用的
14. proprietary 所用的，专利的，独占的
15. disclose 公开，宣布，透露
16. preferable 较好一点的
17. protect 保护
protect…against(from) 保护……免受……之害
18. desirable 想望的，理想的
19. crack 裂缝，破裂，发生裂缝，弄出裂缝
20. flex 弯曲，伸缩
21. detrimental 有害的
22. copper 铜
23. repeat 重复
24. phenomenon 现象
phenomena 现象（复数）
25. dynamic 动态的
26. oxidation 氧化
27. rest 休息，静止，其余
at rest 静止状态
28. static 静态的
29. so far 迄今，到目前为止
30. waxy 蜡状的，蜡样的
31. tendency 趋势
32. bloom 喷霜，喷出
33. film 薄膜喷霜，喷出喷霜，喷出喷霜，

rubber Fillers, rubber products contain fillers

rubber Fillers

Most rubber products contain fillers which belong to two groups: reinforcing and inert fillers. Generally speaking reinforcing fillers improve various physical properties of rubber compounds such as tensile strength, tear and abrasion resistance. Inert fillers impart certain processing properties, and reduce.
By far the most important filler is carbon black, whose introduction revolutionized the industry. It is used all rubber articles which have to meet severe service condition except light color products.
The carbon black used in rubber compounding are prepared by three different processes, each yielding a special class of carbon blacks. They are the channel process, the furnace process and thermal process.
From the practical angle, carbon blacks are classified as reinforcing and semi-reinforcing. Their qualities are indicated by initials, such as EPC(easy processing channel), SRF(semi-reinforcing furnace),HMF(high medulus furnace), etc. The variety used most extensively today is HAF (high abrasion furnace).
Inert fillers consists of fillers which can be incorporated in rubber compounds without substantially reducing their mechanical properties. Consequently, they make possible a lower manufacturing cost of rubber goods which need not be of very high quality. Many substances belong to the class of inert fillers such as whiting, barium sulfate, lithopone, etc.
New Words and Expressions
1.filler 填充剂
2.Contain 包含
3.reinforce 加强，补强
4.inert 惰性的，无活动性的
5.tear 撕裂
6.impart 赋予，给予
7.by far 最……，非常……
8.carbon 碳
9.introduction 引言，序言，介绍
10.revolutionize 使发生革命
11.severe 严重的，严酷的，苛刻的
12.prepare 制备，准备
13.channel 槽，海峡
14.furnace 炉子
15.thermal 热的
16.angle 角
17.indicate 指示
18.initial 字头，开头的
19.modulus 模量，定伸强度
20.substantially 物质地，实质地，显著地， 大体上
21.consequently 因而，所以，因此
22.whiting 碳酸钙，白垩
23.barium 钡
24.sulface 硫酸盐
25.lithopnone 立德粉（硫酸钡70～72%与氧化锌28～
30%的混合物

Vulcanizing Agents、Accelerators and Activators

Vulcanizing Agents、Accelerators and Activators
During vulcanization, the long chain of the rubber molecules become crosslinked by reactions with the vulcanizing agent to form three-dimensional structures. In pratice, sulfur is used almost exclusively for vulcanization of rubber. Other vulcanizing agents, such as sulfur chloride, selenium, tellurium, and thiuram disulfide, are used only in special cases.
Accelerations can increase the speed of reaction between sulphur and rubber, or lower the vulcanization temperature. They can also decrease the physical and technical properities of the vulcanizate.
Inorganic accelerators were discovered accidentally early in the history of the rubber industry when inorganic compounds were added go rubber as coloring agents and fillers. Among the basic salts and metal oxide recommended as accelerators, line, magnesium oxide, and litharge were the most common ones, litharge is still used to some extent, but its blackening effect on the vulcanizate limits its application to black compounds.
Oenslager’s discovery, in 1906, of the acceleration effect of aniline marked the beginning of a long line of organic accelerators which belong to many different groups.
A very small quantity, about 1 per cent, of these organic compounds has a remarkable accelerating effect. Organic accelerators were classified according to their technical effects and were placed in the following categories:
ultra-accelerators
semi-ultra-accelerators
medium-fast-accelerators
slow accelerators
Activators activate accelerators. Most accelerators are much more active in presence of activators than they are alone. The activator reacts with the accelerators. As a result, an intermediate complex is formed. The complex is more effective in activating the sulphur present in the rubber mixture.
There are two large classes of activators: metal oxides and fatty acids. Representatives of both groups must be present simultaneously. The most common member of the first group is zinc oxide which is in the proportion of about 3 to 5 percent as activator in almost every rubber compound. The second group includes oleic palmatic and especially stearic acid. They are used in amounts of 0.5 to 3 percent.
New Words and Expressions
1. agent 剂，媒介物，代理人
2. activator 活化剂
3. vulcanization 硫化
4. chain 链，链条
5. molecule 分子
6. crosslink 交联
7. reaction 反应
8. dimensional 维的，度的，尺寸的
9. structure 结构
10. chloride 氯化物
11. selenium 硒
12. tellurium 碲
13. thiuram 秋兰姆
14. disulfide 二硫化物
15. special 特殊的，专门的
16. increase 增加，提高
17. temperature 温度
18. decrease 减少，降低
19. considerably 相当，大大地
20. inorganic 无机的
21. accidentally 意外地，无意地，偶然地
22. recommend 介绍，推荐
23. lime 氧化钙，生石灰
24. magnesium 镁
25. oxide 氧化物
magnesium oxide 氧化镁
26. zinc 锌
27. litharge 一氧化铅
28. limit 限制，限度
29. aniline 苯胺
30. organic 有机的
31. remarkable 显著的，明显的
32. according 依照
according to 按照，依据
33. technical 技术的，专门的
34. category 种类，部门，范畴
35. ultra 超，过渡的
ultra-accelerators 超促进剂
36. semi 半
37. medium 中等（的），适度，普通
38. activate 活化
39. intermediate 中间的
40. complex 络合物，合成物，复杂的
41. effective 有效的
42. representative 代表，代表的
43. simultaneously 同时发生地，同时进行
44. include 包括
45. oleic 油酸的
46. palmatic 棕榈酸
47. stearic acid 硬脂酸

Natural Rubber 、Synthetic Rubber and Reclaimed Rubber

Natural Rubber 、Synthetic Rubber and Reclaimed Rubber
Natural Rubber is a high molecular weight hydrocarbon which comes from the latex of many plants and is obtained by coagulation with chemicals, by drying, electrical coagulation and other processes. The most important producer is Hevea Brasiliensis. The wild rubber produced form latex contains, besides the hydrocarbon, small quantities of protein, carbohydrates, resin-like substances, mineral salts and fatty acids. These other constituents act in part as natural accelerators and anti-oxidants and give the product processing properties which do not exist in the pure hydrocarbon.
［Natural rubber is cis-1, 4-polyisoprene with the empirical formular (C5H8)n］and the structural formular.
CH3
︳
[—CH2—C＝CH—CH2—]
When vulcanized, rubber becomes highly extensible, shows fast recovery, and is highly elastic.
“Synthetic rubber” is the common term, in fact incorrect, for chemically different polymers with rubber-like properties. Since the term rubber applies to the original product, i.c. polyisoprene, the term synthetic rubber should strictly lerased only for synthetic “Natural Rubber”(cisl,4-polyisoprence). For polymers, with rubbery properties, which do not have an identical structure to natural rubber, the terms artificial rubber, chemical rubber or synthesized rubber have been suggested. In modern usago the term rubber no longer refers to a chemically defined product but relates so physical properties, all synthetic polymers with properties similar to those of natural rubber may therefore be classified as properties rubbers.
In general, it may be stated tht synthetic rubber do not have all qualities of natural rubbers, but their special properties have made them more suitable than natural rubber for certain applications and they have achieved a phenomenal technical importance.
Reclaimed rubber is obtained by treating scrap vulcanized rubber by one of several methods, so that it becomes plastic again and can be handled on a mill and incorporated in a rubber compound, together with crude rubber.
Reclaimed rubber contains all the ingredients of the original compound, except for the uncombined, or free sulfur. It was first used for economical resean that is to reduce the manufacturing cost. However, it was found that has also other advantages in addition to its lower cost. It fancilitates mastication and has very beneficial effect on calendaring and extruding. The quantity used varies to a great extent and some compounds are based exclusively on reclaimed rubber. However, reclaimed rubber affects some of the mechanical properties of the vulcanize ate unfavorably. Therefore, it is not used in case where high abrasion of tear resistance or tensile strength is required.
Now Words and Expressions
1.natural 天然的，自然的，简单的
2.synthetic 人工的，合成的
3.reclaim 收回，改正
4.molecular 分子的
5.hydrocarbon 烃，碳氢化合物
6.latex 胶乳
7.coagulation 凝固，凝结，凝聚
8.producer 生产者
9.Hevea Brasiliensis 巴西三叶橡胶树
10.wild 野生的
11.quantity 数量，数
12.protein 蛋白质
13.carbohydrate 碳水化合物
14.resin-like 类树脂的
15.substance 物质
16.mineral 矿物，矿质的
17.salt 盐
mineral salt 金属盐
18.fatty 脂肪的
fatty acid 脂肪酸
19.constituent 成分，组分
20.accelerator 促进剂
21.oxidant 氧化剂
anti-oxidant 防老剂，抗氧剂
22.process 方法，过程
23.exist 存在
24.pure 纯的，纯净的
25.cis-polyisoprene 顺式聚异戊二烯
26.empirical 经验主义的，以经验为根据的
27.formula 式，公式，配方
28.structural 结构上的
29.extensible 可伸长的
30.recovery 复原，复原性
31.in fact 事实上，实际上
32.incorrect 不正确的
33.polymer 聚合物
34.original 最初的，原来的
35.i.e. 那就是，即
36.strict 严格的
37.identical 同一的，完全相同的
38.artificial 人工的，人造的
39.synthesise 合成，综合
40.usage 使用，用法，惯例，习惯
41.refer 读到，提到
refer to 参考，查阅，指
42.define 解释，给……下定义
43.relate 叙述，讲，有关，涉及（to）
44 classify 分类，分级，把…分类
45.state 陈述
46.quality 质量
47.suitable 合适的
48.application 使用，应用
49.phenomenal 惊人的
50.scrape 刮，削，擦
51.mill 开炼机
52.incorporate 加入，综合的
53.compound 化合物，胶料
54.crude 天然的，未加工的
55.ingredient 配料，配合剂
56.uncombined 未化合，未结合
57.economical 经济的，节约的
58.manufacture 制造
59.cost 成本，花费
60.in addition 另外
61.facilitate 使容易，使便利，推进
62.mastication 塑炼
63.beneficial 有益的，有利的
64.calendar 压延机，压延
65.extrude 挤出，压出
66.extent 范围，广阔，程度
67.to be based on 以…为根据，根据
68.exclusive 孤高的，排外的，专有的，唯一
69.vulanizate 硫化胶
70.unfavorably 不利的，不顺利地
71.case 情况，事例
72.abrasion 摩擦，磨损
73.tear 撕裂
74.resistance 抗耐性，耐力
75.tensile 拉力的，抗张力的
76.strength 力，强度

The Part by Rubber in Modern Civilization

The Part by Rubber in Modern Civilization

Rubber is indispensable to modern civilization. Its importance in every form of transport for tyres and tubes is self-evident and has been fully brought out. About 80 per sent of all rubbers is used in the motor industry, mainly for tyres. This applies to passangers, goods transport, and private cars. Without rubber, the rarious form of transportation could not run, the communication system would break down.
A large proportion of the remainder goes into what are known as mechanical goods, which include such articles as belting, packing, moulded good, hose and innumberable other tyres of products. Most of these articles are absolutely vital to the operation of the industry in general. Without them industry would come to a stand still.
Rubber is of the greatest possible importance in tyres on tractors for agricultural use. The change-over form steel wheels to pneumatlics has had a profound affect on agricultural development.
The electrical industry is the large consumer. Rubber is of outstanding significance in the electrical industry as insulation, particularly for eables. The reasons for its preeminent position are outstanding electrical properties, the good mechanical properties, and the ease with which it can be handled.
Now Words and Expressions
1. to play a part in 在…方面起作用，对…起作用
2. modern 现代的，近代的，新式的
3. civilization 文明，文化
4. indispensable 绝对必要的，不可缺少的
5. transport 运输
6. tyre, tire 轮胎
7. tube 管子，内胎
8. self-evident 自明的，不言而喻瓣
9. bring out 说明，产生，显出，发表，出版
10. per cent 百分数
11. motor 发动机，电动机，马达
12. industry 工业，产业，刻苦
13. mainly 主要地，大部分
14. apply 应用，申请
15. passenger 乘客，旅客
16. private 私人的，私有的，秘密的
17. communication 通讯，传播，交通
18. system 系统，体制，制度
communication system 通讯系统，交通体系
19. proportion 比例
20. remainder 剩余，余数，剩下的人
21. to be known as 通称的，以…著称
22. mechanical 机械的，力学的，工业的
23. article 物品，文章
24. belt 带，胶带
25. pack 包，捆，堆，垫圈
26. mould 模型
27. hose 软管，皮带管
28. inaumberable 无数的，数不清的
29. absolutely 绝对地，完全地
30. vital 生命的，非常的，有生命力的
31. in general 总之，通常，一般说来
32. come to a stand 停顿
33. tractor 拖拉机
34. agricultural 农业的
35. change-over 调换，转换
36. wheel 车轮
37. pneumatic 装满空气的
38. profound 深远的，很深的
39. affect 影响
40. electrical 电的
41. consumer 消费者，消费品
42. outstanding 显著的，杰出的，未解决的
43. significance 意义，重要性
44. insulation 绝缘体
45. cable 电缆
46. pre-eminent 杰出的，卓越的
47. property 财产，性质
48. with ease with 轻易地